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Mar Ammo
Mar Ammo was a 3rd-century Manichean disciple of the prophet Mani. According to Manichaen tradition he spread Manichaeism eastward into Sogdiana during the time period when Mani was living. Mar Ammo is well known as the apostle of the east in Manichean literature nevertheless his exact origins are unknown. His Syriac name (from ʿAmmānūēl) may denote that he was Aramaic in origin. However, a Parthian origin may also be seen and is mentioned by some scholars,〔Richard Foltz. ''Religions of the Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Exchange from Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. ISBN 0312233388.〕〔David A. Scott. ''Manichaean Views of Buddhism'' in: History of Religions. Vol. 25, No. 2, Nov. 1985. University of Chicago Press.〕 especially due to his outstanding role in establishing the Parthian language as the official language of the eastern Manichean Church, later to be replaced by Sogdian in the sixth century. Furthermore, Mar Ammo is widely regarded as the composer of the Manichaean Parthian hymn-cycles (''Huwīdagmān'' and ''Angad Rōšnan'').〔Mary Boyce. ''The Manichaean Hymn Cycles in Parthian.'' Oxford University Press, 1954.〕〔B. A. Litvinsky. ''Manichaeism'' in: History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Crossroads of Civilization. Unesco, 1996. ISBN 9231032119.〕
==Missionary work==
On his way to eastern Iran, Mar Ammo was accompanied by the Parthian prince Ardavan.〔Samuel N. C. Lieu. ''Manichaeism in the Later Roman Empire and Medieval China''. JCB Mohr, 1992. ISBN 3161458206.〕 According to Manichean tradition, when he reached the river Oxus on the Sogdian frontier the spirit who guarded it denied Mar Ammo entry across it. Mar Ammo fasted and prayed for two days and he either was confronted by Mani or had a vision of him who told him to read a chapter from his book ''The Treasury of Life'' which is generally believed to be a component of the Manichaean Canon. When the spirit returned she asked why he was on a journey he responded that he wished to teach fasting and absentation from wine, flesh and woman. The spirit responded that there were similar men in her lands perhaps referring to Buddhists in Sogdiana. However, when Mar Ammo read from one of Mani's books she realized he was a bringer of the "true religion" and allowed him to pass. The spirit can be identified with the goddess Ardvakhsh who has associations with the river. However fragmentary texts from Turpan tell a slightly different story in which Mani himself encounters the frontier spirit.
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